Andrew Carnegieai??i??s decision to hold library construction developed out of his very own experience. Born in 1835, he spent his first 12 years from the coastal city of Dunfermline, Scotland. There he listened to men read aloud and discuss books borrowed from your Tradesmenai??i??s Subscription Library that his father, a weaver, had helped create. Carnegie began his formal education at age eight, but needed to stop after only three years. The rapid industrialization for the textile trade forced small businessmen like Carnegieai??i??s father out of business. As a consequence, your family sold their belongings and immigrated to Allegheny, a suburb of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Andrew Carnegieai??i??s decision to hold library construction developed out of his very own experience. Born in 1835, he spent his first 12 years from the coastal city of Dunfermline, Scotland. There he listened to men read aloud and discuss books borrowed from your Tradesmenai??i??s Subscription Library that his father, a weaver, had helped create.www.superiorcontent.com/term-paper Carnegie began his formal education at age eight, but needed to stop after only three years. The rapid industrialization for the textile trade forced small businessmen like Carnegieai??i??s father out of business. As a consequence, your family sold their belongings and immigrated to Allegheny, a suburb of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Although these new circumstances required the young Carnegie to attend work, his learning failed to end. After the year from a textile factory, he was a messenger boy for your local telegraph company. A portion of his fellow messengers introduced him to Col. James Anderson of Allegheny, who every Saturday opened his personal library to your young worker who wished to borrow a book. Carnegie later said the colonel opened the windows in which light of knowledge streamed. In 1853, if your colonelai??i??s representatives made an effort to restrict the libraryai??i??s use, Carnegie wrote a letter towards the editor for the Pittsburgh Dispatch defending the proper coming from all working boys to take pleasure from the pleasures for the library. More important, he resolved that, should he ever be wealthy, he will make similar opportunities available to other poor workers.

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Throughout the next half-century Carnegie accumulated the fortune which will enable him to fulfill that pledge. During his years as a good messenger, Carnegie had taught himself the skill of Buy telegraphy. This skill helped him make contacts while using Pennsylvania Railroad, where he attended work on age 18. Throughout his 12-year railroad association he rose quickly, ultimately becoming superintendent from the Pennsylvaniaai??i??s Pittsburgh division. He simultaneously invested in a number of other businesses, including railroad locomotives, oil, and iron and steel. In 1865, Carnegie left the railroad to take care of the Keystone Bridge Company, that had been successfully replacing wooden railroad bridges with iron ones. By your 1870s he was concentrating on steel manufacturing, ultimately creating the Carnegie Steel Company. In 1901 he sold that business for $250 million.

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Carnegie then retired and devoted the remainder of his life to philanthropy. Just before selling Carnegie Steel he had begun to consider what to do with his immense fortune. In 1889 he wrote a famous essay entitled The Gospel of Wealth, whereby he stated that wealthy men should do without extravagance, provide moderately with regards to their dependents, and distribute the rest of their riches to benefit the welfare and happiness of your common man–along with the consideration for helping only those would you help themselves. The Very Best Fields for Philanthropy, his second essay, listed online seven fields which the wealthy should donate: universities, libraries, medical centers, public parks, meeting and concert halls, public baths, and churches. He later expanded this list to add in gifts that promoted scientific research, the overall spread of information, and also the promotion of world peace. Most of these organizations continue to keep this very day: the Carnegie Corporation in The Big Apple, to provide an example, helps support Sesame Street.

As a consequence of his background, Carnegie was particularly focused on public libraries. At some point he stated a library was the ideal gift for the community, mainly because it gave people the opportunity improve themselves. His confidence was in accordance with the results of similar gifts from earlier philanthropists. In Baltimore, for example, a library given by Enoch Pratt were definitely applied by 37,000 people twelve months. Carnegie thought that the relatively few public library patrons were of more http://www.campifood.fr/?p=18537 value on their community as compared to the masses who chose never to benefit from the library.

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Carnegie Purchase divided his donations to libraries in to the retail and wholesale periods. During the retail period, 1886 to 1896, he gave $1,860,869 for 14 endowed buildings in six communities in the states. These buildings were actually community centers, containing recreational facilities for instance private pools not to mention libraries. While in the years after 1896, termed as a wholesale period, Carnegie not necessarily supported urban multipurpose buildings. Instead he gave $39,172,981 to smaller communities which had limited a chance to access cultural institutions. His gifts provided 1,406 towns with buildings devoted exclusively to libraries. Over half his grants were cheaper than $ten thousand. Although almost all of the towns receiving gifts were inside the Midwest, altogether 46 states benefited from Carnegieai??i??s plan.

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Andrew Carnegie stopped making gifts for library construction right after a report intended to him by Dr. Alvin Johnson, an economics professor. In 1916 Dr. Johnson visited 100 in the existing Carnegie libraries and studied their social significance, physical aspects, effectiveness, and financial condition. His final report determined that to get really effective, the libraries needed online trained personnel. Buildings was basically provided, these days it was time to staff them with experts who would stimulate active, efficient libraries of their communities. Libraries already promised continued to always be built until 1923, but after 1919 all financial support was turned into library education.

When Andrew Carnegie died in 1919 at age 84, he had given nearly one-fourth of his life to causes of which he believed. His gifts to several charities totalled nearly $350 million, almost 90 % of his fortune. Carnegie regarded all education as a way to enhance peopleai??i??s lives, and libraries provided among his main tools to help you Americans produce a brighter future. Questions for Reading 1 1. How did progress and industrialization affect Carnegie, both when he was young, and down the road? 2. How much formal education did Carnegie have? What factors contributed to his involvement with books and reading? 3. What did Carnegie believe wealthy people need to do using money? Why did he think that? Would you agree? 4. How did supporting libraries fit with Carnegie’s past with his fantastic beliefs? Reading 1 was compiled from George S. Bobinski, Carnegie Libraries (Chicago: American Library Association, 1969); Andrew Carnegie, Autobiography of Andrew Carnegie, reprint (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1920 1986); Barry Sears, Over the Trail of Carnegie Libraries, Antiques and Collecting (February 1994); Gerald R. Shields, Recycling Buildings for Libraries, Cheap Public Libraries (March/April 1994).

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